Yellowhammer

The Yellowhammer, Emberiza citrinella, is a passerine bird of the bunting family, a native to Eurasia. The male is adorned with a bright yellow head, a streaked brown back, a chestnut rump, and yellow underparts. Females and non-breeding males are duller, with less pronounced yellow coloring.

Identification Tips

Males during the breeding season are unmistakable with their vibrant yellow heads and underparts. Females and juveniles are more subdued in color and can be identified by their streaked appearance and the yellow tinge to their plumage. The rufous rump is a key feature to look out for in all plumages.

Habitat

The Yellowhammer favors open areas with a mix of vegetation and some trees or shrubs, often found at the edges of forests or in agricultural landscapes with hedges.

Distribution

This species is widespread across Europe and into western and central Asia. Some populations are resident, while others, particularly in the east, are partially migratory. It has also been introduced to New Zealand and Australia.

Behaviour

Yellowhammers form small flocks in winter and are known for their ground foraging habits. They are monogamous and territorial during the breeding season, with males singing from prominent perches.

Song & Calls

The male's song is a series of increasing notes followed by a distinctive phrase often transcribed as "A little bit of bread and no cheese." Calls include a 'zit' contact call and a 'see' alarm call.

Breeding

Breeding begins mainly in April and May. The female constructs a cup nest on or near the ground, well-concealed in vegetation. They typically raise two or three broods per year, with each brood consisting of three to five finely patterned eggs.

Similar Species

The Yellowhammer may be confused with the Pine Bunting, especially females and juveniles, but can be distinguished by its yellow tones and less streaked upperparts. The Cirl Bunting is another similar species but has a grey-brown rump.

Diet and Feeding

The diet is predominantly seeds, with a preference for starchy over oily seeds. During the breeding season, invertebrates are also consumed, particularly as food for chicks.

Conservation status

Despite recent declines in western Europe, the Yellowhammer's large numbers and extensive range have led to its classification as Least Concern by the IUCN. However, changes in agricultural practices have impacted populations in some areas.