Nene

The Nene, or Hawaiian Goose (Branta sandvicensis), stands as a proud emblem of the Hawaiian Islands, where it is the official state bird. This large goose measures approximately 41 cm (16 in) in height and is distinguished by its black head, buff cheeks, and a neck adorned with striking black and white diagonal stripes. The male Nene is slightly larger than the female, but both share similar coloration. Their bill, legs, and feet are a deep black, and beneath their chin lies a swath of soft feathers.

Identification Tips

Adult males can be identified by their black head and hindneck, with the neck featuring distinctive black and white stripes. Females are similar but slightly smaller. The Nene's soft feathers under the chin are a notable characteristic. Goslings are duller in brown color and have less defined head and neck coloration, with reduced striping and barring.

Habitat

The Nene has adapted to a variety of habitats including shrubland, grassland, coastal dunes, and lava plains. It can also be found in human-altered environments such as pastures and golf courses, ranging from sea level up to 2,400 meters (7,900 feet).

Distribution

Once widespread across the Hawaiian archipelago, the Nene's current wild populations are found on the islands of Oahu, Maui, Kauaʻi, Molokai, and Hawaiʻi. Recent sightings include the James Campbell National Wildlife Refuge on Oʻahu and nearby golf courses.

Behaviour

The Nene is known for its terrestrial lifestyle, spending much of its time on the ground, though it is capable of flight. Some individuals undertake daily flights between their nesting and feeding areas.

Song & Calls

The Nene's name is derived from its soft call, a gentle and distinctive sound that resonates across the Hawaiian landscapes.

Breeding

The Nene's breeding season is notably long, spanning from August to April, with most eggs laid between November and January. Uniquely, the Nene mates on land. Females select the nesting site and lay one to five eggs, with incubation lasting 29 to 32 days. The goslings are precocial and remain with their parents until the next breeding season.

Diet and Feeding

As herbivores, Nenes graze or browse depending on vegetation availability. Their diet consists of leaves, seeds, fruit, and flowers from a variety of grasses and shrubs.

Conservation status

With a population of 3,862, the Nene is considered the world's rarest goose. Once numbering around 25,000 in the late 18th century, the species experienced a dramatic decline due to hunting and predation by introduced species. Conservation efforts, including captive breeding and reintroduction programs, have helped increase their numbers from a mere 30 birds in 1952. The Nene is currently classified as Near Threatened by the IUCN and is listed in CITES Appendix I, reflecting ongoing conservation concerns.