Hawaiian Crow

The Hawaiian crow, or ʻalalā (Corvus hawaiiensis), is a member of the crow family, Corvidae. It is similar in size to the carrion crow, measuring 48–50 cm (19–20 in) in length. The ʻalalā boasts a robust build with more rounded wings and a notably thicker bill compared to its relatives. Its plumage is a soft, brownish-black, and it features distinctive long, bristly throat feathers. The legs, feet, and bill are a stark black, creating a striking contrast against its dark feathers.

Identification Tips

When observing the Hawaiian crow, look for its rounded wings and thick bill, which set it apart from other crow species. The long, bristly throat feathers are also a key characteristic. The bird's overall brownish-black plumage and black bill, legs, and feet are notable features for identification.

Habitat

The ʻalalā once thrived in the dry and mesic forests on the slopes of Mauna Loa and Hualālai, at elevations ranging from 3,000 to 6,000 feet. These forests were rich with Ōhiʻa lehua and koa trees, which were significant to the crow's habitat. The dense understory provided necessary cover from predators such as the Hawaiian hawk.

Distribution

Historically, the Hawaiian crow was endemic to the western and southeastern parts of the island of Hawaiʻi. Fossil records suggest that it was once abundant across all the main Hawaiian islands. However, the species is now extinct in the wild, with efforts for reintroduction ongoing.

Behaviour

The ʻalalā is known for its strong flying ability and resourcefulness. It exhibits a variety of behaviors, including tool use, which is a remarkable display of its intelligence. The species' decline and eventual extinction in the wild are not fully understood but are believed to be due to a combination of introduced diseases, predators, and habitat loss.

Song & Calls

The vocal repertoire of the Hawaiian crow is diverse, with at least 24 different calls documented. These include alarm calls, contact calls, and sounds associated with submission or courtship. Its calls range from a two-toned caw to a screech with lower tones, reminiscent of a cat's meow.

Breeding

The breeding season for the ʻalalā spans from March to July. Both sexes participate in nest construction, using branches from the native ohi'a tree. The female lays one to five greenish-blue eggs per season, with typically only one or two surviving past the fledgling stage. Juveniles depend on their parents for eight months and remain with the family group until the next breeding season.

Similar Species

There are no similar species to the Hawaiian crow, as it is the only crow species native to Hawaii.

Diet and Feeding

The ʻalalā is an omnivorous generalist, feeding on a variety of invertebrates, fruits, flowers, nectar, and occasionally passerine nestlings and eggs. It forages primarily on the trunks, branches, and foliage of ohia and koa trees, using a woodpecker-like method to uncover hidden insects.

Conservation status

The Hawaiian crow is classified as Extinct in the Wild by the IUCN Red List. It is considered the most endangered corvid species globally and is protected under U.S. federal law. Captive breeding and reintroduction efforts are ongoing to try to reestablish the species in its native habitat.