Gnateaters

Gnateaters are small birds belonging to the family Conopophagidae, which includes twelve species across two genera, found primarily in the forests of South and Central America. Introduced by zoologist Alfred Henry Garrod in 1877, this family was expanded when molecular studies revealed a close relationship between the genera Conopophaga and Pittasoma, the latter previously placed in the family Formicariidae. Gnateaters are related to antbirds and, more distantly, to antpittas and tapaculos. They are round, short-tailed, long-legged birds, measuring 12–15.5 cm (4.7–6.1 in), and display varying degrees of sexual dimorphism, with some Conopophaga species featuring a distinctive white tuft behind their eye. These birds inhabit the forest understory, with most species preferring humid regions, though some are found in drier areas. Conopophaga species are typically seen near the forest floor, rarely venturing above 1.5 m or staying on the ground for extended periods, while Pittasoma are more commonly seen on the ground. Their diet mainly consists of insects, with different methods of foraging, such as lunging from perches or gleaning from foliage, and at times including spiders, caterpillars, and occasionally fruit or even a frog. The twelve gnateater species are divided into the more widespread Conopophaga and the Chocó, Panama, and Costa Rica dwelling Pittasoma. These underexplored birds exhibit intriguing behaviors and occupy specific niches in their respective ecosystems, contributing to the rich biodiversity of their habitats.