White-bellied Sea Eagle

The White-bellied Sea Eagle (Icthyophaga leucogaster), also known as the White-breasted Sea Eagle, is a majestic and large diurnal bird of prey belonging to the family Accipitridae. It is characterized by its striking white head, breast, under-wing coverts, and tail, contrasting with its grey upper parts and black under-wing flight feathers. The tail is notably short and wedge-shaped, a common feature among Haliaeetinae species. Females are typically larger than males, reaching up to 90 cm in length, with a wingspan of up to 2.2 meters, and can weigh as much as 4.5 kg. Immature birds are cloaked in brown plumage, which gradually transitions to white over several years.

Identification Tips

Adult White-bellied Sea Eagles are unmistakable with their white and grey plumage. The black flight feathers are prominent when viewed from below. The bill is a leaden blue-grey with a darker tip, and the eyes are dark brown. The legs and feet are yellow or grey with long black talons. Juveniles are predominantly brown with pale cream streaks on their head and neck, and their plumage slowly whitens with age.

Habitat

This sea eagle is often found in coastal regions but can also be seen inland near large bodies of water. It prefers areas with tall trees or pylons for nesting, with a clear view of the surrounding landscape.

Distribution

The species is widespread, ranging from India and Sri Lanka through Southeast Asia to Australia. It is a common sight along coastlines and major waterways, and although generally sedentary, it can travel considerable distances.

Behaviour

The White-bellied Sea Eagle is territorial and monogamous, with pairs often remaining together for life. They are known for their impressive aerial displays during courtship. These birds are most often seen perched high or soaring over waterways, and they are generally encountered singly or in pairs.

Song & Calls

The call of the White-bellied Sea Eagle is a loud, goose-like honking, which is particularly prominent during the breeding season. Pairs may call in unison, with the male's call being higher-pitched and more rapid than the female's.

Breeding

Breeding season varies by location, with courtship involving intricate aerial displays. Nests are large structures made of sticks and branches, often located in tall trees overlooking water. Typically, two eggs are laid, but it is common for only one chick to fledge successfully.

Diet and Feeding

An opportunistic carnivore, the White-bellied Sea Eagle has a diverse diet that includes fish, turtles, snakes, birds, and mammals. It is a skilled hunter, often catching fish by flying low over the water and grasping them with its talons.

Conservation status

Globally, the White-bellied Sea Eagle is rated as Least Concern, though it has experienced declines in parts of Southeast Asia and Australia. Habitat disturbance from human activity is the primary threat to this species.

Similar Species

Immature White-bellied Sea Eagles may be confused with Wedge-tailed Eagles or the Black-breasted Buzzard, but can be distinguished by their darker plumage, shorter tail, and non-feathered legs.