Greater Ani

The greater ani, Crotophaga major, is a striking bird belonging to the cuckoo family. This species, sometimes known as the black cuckoo, is notable for its glossy blue-black plumage, a robust and ridged black bill, and a long tail. Adults possess a distinctive white iris, while the younger birds' eyes are brown. The greater ani measures approximately 46 cm (18 inches) in length, with males typically weighing around 162 g (5.7 oz) and females slightly lighter at 145 g (5.1 oz).

Identification Tips

When identifying the greater ani, look for its blue-glossed black feathers and the significant contrast between the white iris of the adults and the brown iris of the immature birds. Its massive bill and long tail are also key characteristics that distinguish it from other species.

Habitat

The greater ani is found in a variety of wetland habitats, including mangrove swamps, semi-open woodlands near water, and forest edges. These environments provide the resources necessary for the ani's survival and breeding.

Distribution

This bird has a broad range across tropical South America, extending from Panama and Trinidad to northern Argentina. It is known to migrate seasonally in some parts of its range, adjusting its location in response to environmental conditions.

Behaviour

The greater ani is a highly social bird, often seen in noisy groups. Its gregarious nature is a defining aspect of its behavior, contributing to its survival and reproductive strategies.

Song & Calls

The vocalizations of the greater ani include a variety of croaking sounds and a turkey-like gobbling, described as a "kro-koro" call. These calls serve as communication within groups and potentially play a role in territorial defense.

Breeding

Breeding among greater anis is a communal affair, with two to five pairs sharing a nest—a deep cup lined with leaves, usually positioned 2–5 m (6.6–16.4 ft) high in a tree. Multiple females lay their deep blue eggs in the shared nest, taking turns in incubation and chick feeding. Some groups may also include non-breeding helpers. The communal nests can contain 3–10 eggs, with an incubation period of 11–12 days. Nestlings are capable of leaving the nest after five days but may be fed for several weeks thereafter.

Similar Species

While there are other ani species, the greater ani's size, coloration, and habitat preferences can help distinguish it from its relatives.

Diet and Feeding

The diet of the greater ani is varied, including large insects like beetles, grasshoppers, and caterpillars, as well as spiders, lizards, frogs, fruits, berries, and seeds from plants such as Euphorbia.

Conservation status

The IUCN Red List currently classifies the greater ani as Least Concern, indicating that, at present, there are no immediate threats to its population levels that would warrant a higher risk category.