Tree Martin

The tree martin, scientifically known as Petrochelidon nigricans, is a captivating member of the swallow family. This petite bird, averaging 13 cm in length, boasts an iridescent blue back and crown, complemented by brown wings and tail. A distinctive rufous forehead and a contrasting whitish rump complete its striking appearance. The underparts are a pristine white. Both sexes share a similar plumage, though juveniles present a duller aspect with a paler forehead and pale fringes to their back and wing feathers.

Identification Tips

When observing these agile fliers, look for their shallowly forked tail and the pale rump that sets them apart from other Australian swallows. The tree martin's vocalizations include a 'tsweet' call and a high-pitched twittering song. The most similar species, the fairy martin, can be differentiated by its rufous head and nape.

Habitat

Tree martins favor open woodlands, particularly those with large trees that offer suitable nest holes. Their adaptability is evident as they become increasingly common in urban and suburban environments.

Distribution

The tree martin breeds predominantly in Australia, mainly south of latitude 20°S, and on Timor island. It is migratory, spending winters across much of Australia, New Guinea, Indonesia east of the Wallace Line, and the Solomon Islands. Occasionally, it appears as a vagrant in New Zealand, where it has bred, and in New Caledonia.

Behaviour

These birds exhibit a fast, twisting flight and typically feed at heights exceeding 6 meters above the ground. They are often seen above the canopy of tall eucalyptus trees or swooping low over water to catch aerial insects. Outside the breeding season, tree martins can be highly sociable, forming mixed flocks with fairy martins.

Song & Calls

The tree martin communicates with a 'tsweet' call and engages in a high-pitched twittering song, adding a melodious backdrop to their habitats.

Breeding

Breeding season varies by region, occurring from July to January. Tree martins may breed in pairs or semi-colonially, depending on the availability of nesting sites. They utilize natural cavities in dead trees or rock crevices and are increasingly using artificial structures such as bridge supports and buildings. In some areas, they may even take over and reline the nests of welcome swallows. Their nests are often constructed from grass and leaves, sometimes fortified with mud, and the entrance may be narrowed with a mud and plant fiber mixture. Clutches typically consist of 3-5 eggs, which are white with brown and mauve spots, and the species is known to be double-brooded.

Similar Species

The fairy martin is the species most similar in appearance to the tree martin, but it can be distinguished by its rufous head and nape.

Diet and Feeding

Tree martins are insectivorous, feeding on a variety of aerial insects. They display a preference for hunting above the tree canopy or over water bodies.

Conservation status

The tree martin is currently classified as Least Concern by the IUCN, indicating that it is not at immediate risk of population decline or habitat loss.