Three-wattled Bellbird

The Three-wattled Bellbird, Procnias tricarunculatus, presents a striking sexual dimorphism. The male is adorned with a white head and throat, while the rest of its plumage is a rich chestnut brown. From the base of his beak, three long, slender, black wattles dangle, which are used in display. The female, in contrast, is cloaked in olive with yellowish streaked underparts and a bright yellow vent, lacking the male's distinctive wattles.

Identification Tips

Males are identifiable by their white head, chestnut body, and the unique trio of worm-like wattles that extend from the bill's base. These wattles can reach lengths of up to 10 cm and are used in their displays. Females are smaller, with olive plumage and yellow streaking, blending seamlessly into the forest canopy.

Habitat

The Three-wattled Bellbird breeds in the cloud forests of the Costa Rican highlands and migrates to lower elevations, including mangroves, across its range.

Distribution

This species ranges from western Honduras to eastern Panama, with breeding primarily occurring in the Costa Rican highlands from March to September.

Behaviour

Males perform a unique courtship display, sneaking up behind perching females and emitting a loud "bonk" sound. After courtship, females alone construct nests and rear the young. The species is frugivorous, consuming fruits and playing a vital role in seed dispersal.

Song & Calls

The male's call is a distinctive bell-like sound, audible over considerable distances. This call varies geographically, with different songs heard in Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Panama. The call is a key identifier, as the birds are often more heard than seen due to their secretive nature.

Breeding

The Three-wattled Bellbird engages in a remarkable mating ritual where the male startles the female with its loud call. The female then departs to single-handedly build the nest and raise the offspring.

Diet and Feeding

The diet consists exclusively of fruit, particularly from trees in the Lauraceae family. The bellbird's feeding habits aid in the dispersal of seeds, which contributes to the survival of seedlings in their habitat.

Conservation Status

The species is classified as "Vulnerable" by the IUCN, with populations declining due to habitat destruction. Conservation efforts include reforestation programs aimed at preserving and connecting habitats critical for the species' survival.