Sage Grouse

The genus Centrocercus, known as sage-grouse, encompasses two distinct species: the Gunnison sage-grouse (Centrocercus minimus) and the greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus). These birds are a marvel of the avian world, with the males of C. urophasianus being the largest grouse in temperate North America, reaching a hefty weight of up to 3.2 kilograms (7 lb). Both species exhibit the characteristic long, pointed tail and feathered legs that extend to the toes, a common trait among their Galliformes kin.

Identification Tips

Sexual dimorphism is pronounced in sage-grouse, with males being significantly larger and more ornate than females. During the breeding season, males can be identified by their impressive courtship display, which includes puffing up a large, whitish air sack on the chest, a soft drumming noise, and a proud strut with tail feathers fanned and air sack inflated.

Habitat

Sage-grouse are inhabitants of the sagebrush ecosystem, relying heavily on this habitat for cover and food. They nest and raise their young under the protection of sagebrush, with hens utilizing grass and forbs between sagebrush patches for additional concealment.

Distribution

The greater sage-grouse is found across the western United States and into the southern reaches of Alberta and Saskatchewan in Canada. The Gunnison sage-grouse has a more restricted range, residing in southwestern Colorado and extreme southeastern Utah. There is also a population in the Mono Basin that may represent a third species.

Behaviour

Sage-grouse are known for their fidelity to specific leks, which are traditional open areas used for their elaborate mating displays. These leks are often used for decades, with males performing their courtship rituals in the early morning and evening hours of spring. Females visit these leks to choose their mates, often selecting the most vigorous and visually appealing males.

Song & Calls

The male sage-grouse's courtship display is accompanied by a unique soft drumming noise, produced by the inflation and deflation of their air sacks during the strutting performance.

Breeding

The breeding season of sage-grouse is a spectacle, with males gathering on leks to perform their strutting displays from February to April. After mating, hens take on the responsibility of building nests, laying eggs, and incubating them in the shelter of sagebrush. Chicks are precocial, able to walk shortly after hatching and capable of flight within weeks.

Similar Species

While there are no other species within the genus Centrocercus, sage-grouse can be differentiated from other grouse by their larger size, habitat preference, and distinctive mating displays.

Diet and Feeding

Sage-grouse primarily feed on sagebrush, which constitutes the majority of their diet, especially during the winter months. They also consume forbs and insects, which are particularly important for chicks in their early stages of growth.

Conservation Status

The conservation status of sage-grouse is a matter of concern. The Gunnison sage-grouse is classified as endangered, and the greater sage-grouse is considered near threatened. Habitat loss and degradation have led to a decline in their populations, with sage-grouse now occupying only half of their historical range. Conservation efforts are ongoing, including legal actions to provide them with protections under the Endangered Species Act and habitat management strategies to mitigate the impact of grazing and development.