New World Vultures

The Cathartidae family, also known as New World vultures or condors, comprises seven species in five genera, including vultures and condors found throughout the Americas. Although similar in appearance to Old World vultures due to convergent evolution, they are not closely related. New World vultures primarily feed on carrion, with some species utilizing a keen sense of smell to locate food, while others rely solely on sight. These birds are known for their bald heads, which are often devoid of feathers. The Cathartidae were first described in 1839, with their Greek name meaning "purifier." They have a complex fossil history with numerous extinct species. New World vultures vary in size and have adaptations for soaring flight, such as long wings and a stiff tail, although they have weak feet not suited for grasping and beaks that are relatively weak as they are used to tear decomposing flesh instead of fresh meat. These vultures have a unique cooling method called urohidrosis where they defecate on their own legs. Found from southern Canada to South America, they occupy diverse habitats including deserts and rainforests. New World vultures and condors generally lay 1-3 eggs straight on bare surfaces without building nests. Their young are fed by regurgitation and are altricial, requiring extended care after hatching. Besides carrion, these vultures and condors can consume fruit and garbage, and their gut contains bacteria that allow them to safely digest decayed meat. The California condor is critically endangered but has seen increases in numbers due to conservation efforts, while other species maintain stable populations. Culturally, the American black vulture and the king vulture are significant in Mayan codices, representing both death and divinity.