Spot-bellied Eagle-Owl

The Spot-bellied Eagle-Owl, Ketupa nipalensis, also known as the Forest Eagle-Owl, is a majestic bird of prey with an imposing presence. It is among the larger owl species, with a length ranging from 50 to 65 cm and a weight that may average between 1.5 to 2.5 kg, though larger individuals have been recorded. This owl is characterized by its long, variable-length ear-tufts, feathered legs and feet, and powerful talons, making it a formidable predator in its forest habitat.

Identification Tips

The Spot-bellied Eagle-Owl can be identified by its stark, grayish-brown plumage with dark brown coloration on the back and upper wings. The underparts are pale with distinctive black and white horizontal stripes that become broad spots on the abdomen. The large ear-tufts slant to the sides, and the throat is pale fulvous. Juveniles are paler with brownish barring. This species is easily distinguished from other eagle-owls in its range by its size, habitat preference, and unique markings.

Habitat

This species favors primary or older secondary growth forests, thriving in dense, evergreen, and moist deciduous forests. It is adaptable to various land-based habitats but shows a preference for tropical and subtropical foothills, typically at elevations of 900–1,200 m but ranging from sea-level to 6,300 m.

Distribution

The Spot-bellied Eagle-Owl is found across the Indian Subcontinent and Southeast Asia, from the Lower Himalayas through to Burma, central Laos, and Vietnam, with its southernmost range extending to Sri Lanka and southern Thailand.

Behaviour

Nocturnal by nature, the Spot-bellied Eagle-Owl spends its days concealed in dense tree foliage, becoming active at dusk. It has been observed to be partially diurnal, especially in undisturbed forests, and its behavior may include visual territorial displays.

Song & Calls

The owl's call is a distinctive, human-like scream that rises and falls in tone. Its territorial call consists of low hoots with intervals of about two seconds. The voice is deep and booming, carrying far through the forest.

Breeding

The breeding season spans from December to March, with nesting typically in large tree hollows or abandoned nests of other large birds. This species is unique in laying only one egg per clutch, which is white and round ovoid in shape.

Similar Species

The Spot-bellied Eagle-Owl is part of a superspecies with the Barred Eagle-Owl, Ketupa sumatrana, which is allopatric in distribution. It is also similar in size to the Tawny Fish Owl and the Brown Fish Owl but can be distinguished by its forest habitat and distinct coloration.

Diet and Feeding

This owl is a top avian predator, feeding on a variety of prey, including rodents, pheasants, peafowl, jackals, hares, civets, chevrotains, muntjacs, squirrels, langurs, flying foxes, snakes, lizards, and fish. It has also been known to consume carrion.

Conservation Status

The Spot-bellied Eagle-Owl is classified as Least Concern by the IUCN, with a widespread range and no immediate conservation dependency. However, deforestation poses a threat to its habitat and may lead to population declines.