Snowy Owl

The Snowy Owl (Bubo scandiacus), also known as the polar owl, the white owl, and the Arctic owl, is a striking bird of the true owl family. It is native to the Arctic regions of North America and the Palearctic and is one of the largest species of owl. Notably, it is the only owl with predominantly white plumage, which serves as effective camouflage in its snowy habitat. Males are generally whiter than females, which display more extensive flecks of dark brown. The species exhibits a number of unique adaptations to its habitat and lifestyle, setting it apart from other extant owls.

Identification Tips

The Snowy Owl is a large owl with bright yellow eyes and a rounded head that typically lacks ear tufts, although vestigial tufts may be erected in certain situations. Males are usually whiter with fewer dark spots, while females and juveniles have more extensive dark markings. The most reliable technique to age and sex individual Snowy Owls is by examining the pattern of brown markings on the wings.

Habitat

Snowy Owls breed on the open tundra, preferring areas with rises such as hummocks or ridges. During the winter, they can be found in a variety of open landscapes, including coastal dunes, prairies, and agricultural fields. They are also known to use manmade structures such as airports, which offer similar open habitats and abundant prey.

Distribution

Snowy Owls have a circumpolar distribution, breeding in the northernmost regions of North America and Eurasia. They are nomadic birds, with their wintering range extending southward into Canada and occasionally into the northern United States. During irruptive years, they may travel further south in large numbers.

Behaviour

Snowy Owls are diurnal, often active during the day, especially in the summer. They are known for their silent flight, buoyant on broad wings. These owls are also capable of swimming and exhibit a variety of hunting techniques, including perching and pouncing, aerial sweeps, and snow plunging.

Song & Calls

The Snowy Owl's call is a series of barking hoots, often described as "krooh krooh krooh…" and may carry for several kilometers. Females have a similar but higher-pitched call, and both sexes produce a variety of other vocalizations, including clucking, squeals, and hisses.

Breeding

Snowy Owls are not consistent annual breeders, often skipping years depending on prey availability. They nest on the ground, with the female forming a shallow scrape on a mound or rise. Clutch size is highly variable and can be quite large, with up to 16 eggs in some cases. Both parents are involved in rearing the young, which fledge at around 50-60 days old.

Similar Species

The Snowy Owl is unmistakable in its range, with no other owl species sharing its predominantly white plumage and yellow eyes. The Short-eared Owl is the only other owl species to breed in the High Arctic, but it is much smaller and differently colored.

Diet and Feeding

The diet of the Snowy Owl is primarily composed of small mammals, especially lemmings. During the breeding season, they rely heavily on lemmings, while in winter, they consume a more diverse diet that includes voles, mice, and various bird species. They are opportunistic hunters and may also scavenge on carrion.

Conservation Status

The Snowy Owl is currently classified as Vulnerable by the IUCN, with a declining population due to various factors, including climate change and human interference. The global population is estimated to be fewer than 100,000 individuals, with fewer than 28,000 breeding pairs.