African Harrier-Hawk

The African harrier-hawk, or gymnogene, is a medium-sized bird of prey, measuring about 60 to 66 centimeters in length. It is distinguished by its pale grey upperparts, head, and breast, while its belly is white with fine dark barring. The broad wings are pale grey with a distinctive black trailing edge, highlighted by a narrow white line. Its tail is black with a single broad white band. A notable feature is the bare facial patch, which can be red or yellow. Both sexes appear similar, though juveniles display pale brown where adults are grey, and dark brown replaces the black areas.

Identification Tips

When observing this raptor, look for the double-jointed ankles, a unique adaptation that allows it to probe into crevices for food. The African harrier-hawk's flight is characterized by its black trailing edge on the wings and the single white band on the tail. The facial patch color can also be a helpful identifier, varying between individuals.

Habitat

This adaptable bird can be found in a range of habitats including thick rainforests, forest edges, riparian areas, agricultural lands, and even human-occupied areas. It is quite common in traditional rural villages and has been known to breed in palm trees within urban settings.

Distribution

The African harrier-hawk is widespread across sub-Saharan Africa, with a higher prevalence in the tropical regions of western Africa. Its presence becomes less common towards the eastern and southern parts of the continent.

Behaviour

This species exhibits a fascinating courtship display where pairs may soar together at great heights, often vocalizing. Males may perform undulating flights alone, and when in pairs, they may engage in talon-touching maneuvers. The African harrier-hawk is also known for its intelligence in locating prey by gauging the aggression level of mobbing passerines.

Song & Calls

The call of the African harrier-hawk is a distinctive whistled "sueee-sueee-sueee," often heard during flight or courtship displays.

Breeding

Breeding seasons vary across their range, with March to August in Nigeria and the austral summer in southern regions. Nests are large, circular structures made of sticks and lined with leaves, often reused across seasons. Clutch sizes range from one to three eggs.

Similar Species

The African harrier-hawk may be confused with other grey raptors, but its unique leg structure and behavior when foraging are distinctive.

Diet and Feeding

An omnivorous diet includes fruit from oil palms and small vertebrates. Its climbing ability and double-jointed legs allow it to raid nests of cavity-nesters for eggs and nestlings. It also preys on introduced species such as feral pigeons and house sparrows.

Conservation status

The IUCN lists the African harrier-hawk as Least Concern, indicating a stable population across its wide range.