Black-shouldered Kite

The black-shouldered kite (Elanus axillaris), also known as the Australian black-shouldered kite, is a small raptor that graces the open habitats of Australia with its presence. This bird of prey is characterized by its predominantly grey-white plumage, accented with striking black markings above its deep red eyes, and the notable black patches on its wings from which it derives its name. Adults measure approximately 35 cm (14 in) in length and boast a wingspan of 80–100 cm (31–39 in).

Identification Tips

When observing the black-shouldered kite, look for the black "shoulders" visible when the bird is perched, as well as the black leading edge of the outer wing. The tail is pale grey with white outer feathers, and the bird's red eyes are encircled by black, creating a comma-shaped marking. The juvenile's plumage is mottled with buff and brown, and the eye patch is less distinct.

Habitat

This kite favors open grasslands and valleys with scattered trees, where the grass is of a height that allows for aerial hunting. It adapts well to human-altered landscapes, including pastures, agricultural fields, and even urban fringes with suitable open spaces.

Distribution

The black-shouldered kite is found throughout Australia, with higher concentrations in the fertile southeast and southwest regions. It is less common in arid deserts and dense forests.

Behaviour

The black-shouldered kite is often seen hunting alone or in pairs, hovering with meticulous precision as it scans the ground for prey. It may also be observed perched, waiting to swoop down on unsuspecting rodents. These kites are known to form monogamous pairs and engage in elegant aerial courtship displays.

Song & Calls

The primary call of the black-shouldered kite is a clear whistle, typically heard in flight or while hovering. When perched, it may emit a hoarse wheezing sound. During the breeding season, their vocalizations become more persistent, though they remain relatively weak.

Breeding

Breeding occurs between August and January, with pairs performing intricate displays of circling flight and mid-air feeding. Nests are built high in trees and lined with green leaves and fur. The female lays three to four eggs, which are incubated for about 30 days. Chicks fledge within five weeks and quickly learn to hunt.

Similar Species

The black-shouldered kite can be confused with the letter-winged kite in Australia, but can be distinguished by its white underparts in flight and the absence of the letter-winged kite's distinctive black underwing markings.

Diet and Feeding

This raptor primarily feeds on small rodents, particularly the introduced house mouse. It hunts by hovering and scanning the ground, dropping silently onto its prey with remarkable success.

Conservation status

The black-shouldered kite is classified as Least Concern by the IUCN, having benefited from agricultural practices that have increased the availability of its prey. It is one of the more commonly recorded raptors in certain regions of Australia.