Subtropical Cacique

The Subtropical Cacique, Cacicus uropygialis, is a passerine bird of the New World family Icteridae. Exhibiting sexual dimorphism, the males are notably larger, measuring around 25 cm in length, and are slightly larger than their relatives, the Scarlet-rumped Caciques. This species is characterized by its slim, long-winged body, a relatively short tail, striking blue eyes, and a pale yellow pointed bill. The plumage is predominantly black, with a distinctive scarlet patch on the lower back and upper rump. Females are smaller, with a duller black hue, while juveniles display a brownish tone to their feathers and a brownish-orange rump.

Identification Tips

When identifying the Subtropical Cacique, look for the scarlet patch on the lower back and upper rump, which is a key distinguishing feature. The male's larger size, blue eyes, and pale yellow bill can also aid in identification. Females and juveniles are less vivid, with the juveniles having a more brownish cast to their plumage.

Habitat

The Subtropical Cacique is found in submontane or cloud forests with a lower canopy, typically not exceeding 15–20 meters in height. These habitats often feature oaks (Quercus), epiphytes, hemiepiphytes like Coussapoa, and a dense understory with tree ferns and Ericaceae.

Distribution

This species inhabits the lower reaches of the northern Andes, ranging from Venezuela through Colombia and Ecuador to Peru. It also has an isolated population in the Serranía del Perijá. They are found at altitudes between 1,000–2,300 meters above sea level and have been recorded as high as 2,450 meters.

Behaviour

Subtropical Caciques forage through the canopy in small flocks, often joining mixed-species feeding flocks with other robust and rowdy songbirds. They are not typically colonial breeders and construct bag-shaped nests, usually in proximity to active wasp nests. The nests are suspended from the end of a branch and are 36–64 cm in length.

Song & Calls

The vocalizations of the Subtropical Cacique are atypical for icterids, resembling the chatter of an excited Great Thrush, Turdus fuscater.

Breeding

The Subtropical Cacique builds its nest about 3.5–30 meters above the ground. The clutch usually consists of two dark-blotched white eggs. While the male does not incubate, he assists in feeding the young.

Similar Species

The Subtropical Cacique can be confused with other black-plumaged icterids, but the scarlet patch on the rump and the pale yellow bill are distinctive.

Diet and Feeding

The diet of the Subtropical Cacique includes large insects, spiders, small vertebrates, and some fruit. They are known to forage in the canopy and participate in mixed-species flocks.

Conservation Status

The Subtropical Cacique is classified as Least Concern by the IUCN, being generally uncommon to rare but not considered seriously threatened due to its extensive range.