Oilbird

The Oilbird, or Steatornis caripensis, known locally as the guácharo, is a remarkable avian species endemic to the northern regions of South America, including the Caribbean island of Trinidad. This unique bird is the sole representative of its genus, family, and order, characterized by its nocturnal fruit-eating habits and its ability to navigate dark caves using echolocation, much like bats. The Oilbird is a large, slim bird with a wingspan of 95 cm and a body length ranging from 40 to 49 cm. Adults typically weigh between 350 to 475 grams, while well-fed chicks can reach up to 600 grams.

Identification Tips

The Oilbird can be identified by its reddish-brown plumage adorned with white spots on the nape and wings. Its underparts are cinnamon-buff with distinctive white diamond-shaped spots edged in black. It possesses a flattened, powerfully hooked beak surrounded by deep chestnut rictal bristles. The bird's eyes are small with large pupils, and its feet are small, used mainly for clinging to vertical surfaces.

Habitat

Oilbirds are found in a variety of habitats ranging from sea-level to 3,400 meters in elevation. They require caves for breeding and roosting, as well as forests with fruiting trees for feeding. They may also roost in narrow gorges and grottos with suitable rock shelves in the absence of caves.

Distribution

The species is distributed across Guyana, Trinidad, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil. It is a seasonal migrant in some areas, moving in search of fruit trees. Rare vagrants have been reported as far north as Costa Rica and Panama.

Behaviour

Oilbirds are nocturnal and spend their days resting on cave ledges. At night, they venture out to forage for fruit. Recent studies have revealed that non-breeding birds also roost in trees within the forest, alternating with cave roosting. They exhibit high activity levels at night, especially when roosting in caves.

Song & Calls

Oilbirds use a series of sharp, audible clicks for echolocation, which are unique among birds. They also emit harsh screams within their caves, particularly when disturbed by light or as they prepare to leave at dusk.

Breeding

Oilbirds are colonial nesters, constructing their nests from droppings on ledges above water. They lay 2 to 4 glossy white eggs, which soon become stained brown. The chicks become notably fat before fledging, weighing more than the adults.

Similar Species

Due to its unique characteristics, the Oilbird has no similar species within its range.

Diet and Feeding

The Oilbird is a specialist fructivore, feeding primarily on the fruits of the oil palm and tropical laurels. It is the world's only nocturnal flying fruit-eating bird.

Conservation Status

The Oilbird is classified as 'Least Concern' by the IUCN Red List, with a decreasing population trend. Notable conservation efforts include the Guácharo Cave in Venezuela, which is a national monument and park, and the Asa Wright Nature Centre in Trinidad, which provides a sanctuary for nesting pairs.