Fork-tailed Flycatcher

The Fork-tailed Flycatcher, Tyrannus savana, is a striking passerine bird belonging to the tyrant flycatcher family. It is easily recognized by its long, forked tail and contrasting plumage. The bird's underparts are a crisp white, while the upperparts are a sleek gray. A defining black cap adorns the head, and males may exhibit a subtle yellow crown stripe. The tail is particularly noteworthy; in males, it can be two to three times the length of the bird's body, measuring 37–41 cm (15–16 in), while females have a more modest tail length of 28–30 cm (11–12 in). Despite their sizeable appearance, these birds are surprisingly light, weighing a mere 28–32 g (0.99–1.13 oz).

Identification Tips

To distinguish between the subspecies, one may note the darker gray back of the nominate T. s. savana, as opposed to the lighter backs of T. s. monachus and T. s. sanctaemartae, which starkly contrast with their black heads. The primary feathers' discrete notches are also useful for identification. Migratory individuals tend to have more pointed wings compared to their nonmigratory counterparts.

Habitat

Fork-tailed Flycatchers are found in a variety of habitats, including pastures, riparian forests, forest edges, mangroves, and open residential areas with scattered trees. They are typically seen below 1000 m elevation.

Distribution

This species has a broad range, extending from southern Mexico through Central and South America to Argentina. While northern populations near southern Mexico are permanent residents, those living further south are migratory, with some known to wander as far north as New Brunswick, Canada.

Behaviour

These birds are often seen perched conspicuously as they wait to sally out for flying arthropods. They are gregarious during migration, forming flocks that can number up to 10,000 individuals. They are also known to associate with other species such as eastern kingbirds during migration and will aggressively chase off predators.

Song & Calls

The Fork-tailed Flycatcher's vocal repertoire includes a dry, buzzy call and a weak "tic-note" in flight. Their wings produce a distinctive whistling note when flying, which varies in pitch between migratory and nonmigratory birds, suggesting a potential species split. Males also generate dry, crackling sounds with their wings during mating displays.

Breeding

Males engage in elaborate aerial courtship displays, performing acrobatic maneuvers accompanied by their buzzing calls to attract females. The long tail feathers play a role in these displays, with breeding seasons varying by subspecies and location. Their nests are cup-shaped, typically built in trees within their preferred habitats, and contain 1–3 eggs.

Diet and Feeding

Fork-tailed Flycatchers primarily feed on insects, which they catch in flight or glean from vegetation. During winter, when insects are scarce, they may consume berries and small fruits. Their long tails are essential for agile flight, enabling them to pursue prey with remarkable speed and maneuverability.

Conservation status

The Fork-tailed Flycatcher is currently listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List, indicating that it is not at immediate risk of widespread decline.