Lesser Kestrel

The lesser kestrel, Falco naumanni, is a diminutive raptor, measuring 27–33 cm in length with a wingspan of 63–72 cm. It is often mistaken for the common kestrel but can be distinguished by its relatively shorter wings and tail. The male is characterized by a grey head and tail, lacking the common kestrel's dark spotting and black malar stripe, and displaying grey patches in the wings.

Identification Tips

To identify the lesser kestrel, look for the absence of dark talons, a feature unique to this species, with their talons being a distinctive whitish-horn color. However, this is only noticeable at very close range. The male's lack of dark spotting on the back and the absence of a black malar stripe are also key identification markers. The female and young birds are paler than their common kestrel counterparts, and their call—a harsh "chay-chay-chay"—is distinct from the common kestrel's "kee-kee-kee."

Habitat

The lesser kestrel favors open country, often nesting colonially on buildings, cliffs, or in tree holes.

Distribution

This species has a breeding range that spans from the Mediterranean across to Afghanistan, Central Asia, China, and Mongolia. It is a summer migrant, wintering in Africa and Pakistan, and occasionally reaching as far as India and Iraq. It is rare north of its breeding range and is experiencing a decline in its European range.

Behaviour

The lesser kestrel is a more delicate bird than the common kestrel and competes with it to a limited extent within its sympatric breeding range. It is known to nest colonially and does not construct a nest structure, which is typical for falcons.

Song & calls

The lesser kestrel's call is a diagnostic harsh "chay-chay-chay," which serves as a reliable identifier when visual cues are inconclusive.

Breeding

Lesser kestrels lay up to 3–6 eggs per clutch, with no nest structure built. They are known to nest colonially.

Diet and Feeding

The diet of the lesser kestrel primarily consists of insects, but it also includes small birds, reptiles, and rodents, particularly mice. These prey items are often taken on the ground.

Conservation status

The lesser kestrel is classified as Least Concern by the IUCN. However, it faces threats from habitat destruction and the indiscriminate use of pesticides, which significantly impact this insectivorous bird.